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1. could have + 过去分词
(1)表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测,意为“可能做了某事”。
He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.
They could have lost their way.
(2)表示某事在过去本有可能发生,但事实上并未发生,意为“本可以做某事”。
We could have started a little earlier.
I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.
2. may (might) have + 过去分词
(1)表示对过去情况的推测,意为“可能已做某事”。
He may have heard the news.
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.
(2)表示一种未实现的可能性,即本可以做某事,而实际上并没有做,有时含有抱怨的口吻。
It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.
A lot of men died who might have been saved.
3. must have + 过去分词
表示逻辑上的必然性,即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过某事。
She must have made a big mistake.
The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
4. needn’t have + 过去分词
表示过去不必做某事,但已经做了,即本可不必做某事。
You needn’t have woken me up. I don’t have to go to work today.
He needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
5. should/ ought to have + 过去分词
表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。
You should/ ought to have done what your parents told you. (But you failed to do it.)
You should/ ought to have been more careful. (But you weren’t.)
6. shouldn’t/ oughtn’t to have + 过去分词
表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。
You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did.)
They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon. (But they did.)
7. would have + 过去分词