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Here in the United States, for example, the Census Bureau defines poverty based on income, family size and age of the family members. For instance, poverty thresholds are determined by the US government, and very according to the size of a family, and the ages of its members. In 2008, the poverty threshold — also known as the poverty line — for an individual was $12,784. For two people, the weighted average threshold was $16,247. A family of four with two children would need to have an income of more than $24,008 a year to be considered above the poverty threshold.

Poverty does not strike all demographics equally. For example, in 2018, the poverty rate for married couples in 2018 was only 4.7% — but the poverty rate for single-parent families with no wife present was 12.7%, and for single-parent families with no husband present was 24.9%. In 2018, 16.2% of all children (11.9 million kids) lived in Poverty USA — that’s almost 1 in every 6 children. Though the official census data gives seniors a 2018 poverty rate of only 9.7%, the Supplemental Poverty Measure, which accounts for expenses such as the rising costs of health care, raises the senior poverty rate to 14.1%. According to 2018 US Census Data, the highest poverty rate by race is found among Native Americans (25.4%), with Blacks (20.8%) having the second highest poverty rate, and Hispanic (of any race) having the third highest poverty rate (17.6%). whites had a poverty rate of 10.1%, while Asian had a poverty rate at 10.1%.

Living in a decent, affordable home is important for poverty alleviation. The World Health Organization says those living in poor conditions “are exposed to greater personal and environmental health risks, are less well-nourished, have less information and are less able to access health care; thus they have a higher risk of illness and disability.” So what we propose to help break the cycle of generational poverty is...

6. What is the absolute poverty according to the passage?

A. It has no single, unified definition.

B. It is short of necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter.

C. It is the amount of money necessary to meet basic needs.

D. It is falling below prevailing standards of living.

7. What is not the criteria by which United States defines poverty, family and age of the family members?

A. Income of the family.  B. Size of the family.

C. Age of family members D. Ethnicity of the family.

8. What is the poverty threshold for a family of six in 2018?

A. $12,784. B. $16,247. C. $24,008. D. Not mentioned.

9. Which of following is not covered in the passage?

A. Poverty by age.  B. Poverty by ethnicity.

C. Poverty by marriage status. D. Poverty by gender.

10. What will be discussed next in the passage?

A. Providing the jobs for the poor. B. Providing food and clothing for the poor.

C. Providing decent shelter for the poor. D. Providing free education for the poor.

参考答案及解析

1.【答案】A。解析：本题考查判断推理。

A项：根据第一段“Four of the 10 most competitive economics have English as an official language.”可知，在10个最具竞争力的经济体中，有4个把英语作为官方语言。本项说法正确，当选。

B项：根据第一段“The remaining six have high shares of English speakers and/or a high proficiency in English, with the exception of Japan.”可知，在其余6个国家中，除日本外，讲英语的比例很高和/或英语水平很高，所以日本属于最具竞争力的经济体之一。本项说法错误，排除。

C项：文章未提及语言和经济竞争力之间是否存在联系。本项说法错误，排除。

D项：根据第一段“The remaining six have high shares of English speakers and/or a high proficiency in English, with the exception of Japan.”可知，在其余6个国家中，除日本外，讲英语的比例很高和/或英语水平很高。本项说法错误，排除。

故本题选A。

2.【答案】B。解析：本题考查细节理解。

B项：根据第二段“Mandarin, which ranks second, is only half as potent. French comes in at third, thanks to its prestige standing in international diplomacy. Rounding out the top five are Spanish and Arabic.”可知，普通话（汉语）排名第二，法语位居第三，第四、第五分别是西班牙语和阿拉伯语。所以，俄语不包含在内。本项符合题意，当选。

A、C、D三项与题意不符，均排除。

故本题选B。